public access to court records: rights, limits, and practical steps

Courts are presumptively open, and so are many case files. Public access to court records supports oversight, research, and fair reporting, yet it coexists with privacy and safety limits. Criminal and civil dockets, motions, orders, and judgments are often viewable, while juvenile matters, sealed exhibits, and certain personal data are restricted or redacted under statute or court rule.

What the public can see

Access typically covers the docket sheet, filed pleadings, and rulings; in some states, only registers of action are online while PDFs require a visit. Courts may charge modest copying or electronic fees. Sealing demands specific findings; redaction standards remove SSNs, financial account numbers, and home addresses.

Practical ways to look up files

• Use the court portal or statewide index; confirm jurisdiction.
• Search by case number; name spellings and matches vary.
• Read the docket first to target specific filings.
• Visit the clerk for terminals, archives, and certified copies.
• Check local rules on sealing, redaction, and bulk downloads.

For federal cases, PACER and courthouse terminals provide dockets; opinions are often free. If something is missing, ask whether a filing, sealing order, or expungement explains it.